Look at our signature picture where we have two Honda 2000's on our homemade carrier. We made a 30 amp male to 50 amp female cord about 20" long that stays connected to our primary Honda. The 30 amp male plug was cheap; the 50 amp female I found on eBay for about $70.
On Edit...
Just re-read your original post and realize you want to make an
extension cord. In this case, use 4 wire male and female plugs. Cheap and available at any big box home store. As Jim wrote, a stove plug will work for the male end, and a 50 amp receptacle will work for the female end.
On further edit...
I used a 50 amp receptacle to split two separate circuits (20 amps) so that I could plug into a friend's house outlets. In this way I had two 20 amp feeds but not 40 amps combined.
The adapter I made uses two 110 volt circuits, not one 240 volt circuit. It doesn't matter if each circuit is on the same phase or not as long as they are on different circuits.
Now, to your original post. Yes, you will be using one 240 volt circuit (for 50 amps) which separates each leg of 110 volts so that (as Jim stated) each part of the buss receives 110 volts. As long as the neutral is connected, you will get 110 volts on each leg.
If you lose the neutral you will get 240 volts throughout your 5er and you will permanently lose any appliances that have a lower resistance than others.